Glossary

I know when I first started searching the internet for information about PDD, I was ignorant to many of the terms that I came across. So here is a short list of definitions for terms that you may run across.

This glossary is an ongoing process. I wanted to go ahead and get this on-line to try and help. I will continue to work on it.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

AD - Autistic Disorder, see PDD.
ADD/ADHD - The difference is mostly one of terminology, which can be confusing at times. The "official" clinical diagnosis is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. In turn ADHD is broken down into different subtypes: Combined Type; Predominantly Inattentive Type; and Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type. Many people use the term ADD as a generic term for all types of ADHD. The term ADD has gained popularity among the general public, in the media, and is even commonly used among professionals. We are basically still talking about the same thing however, whether we call it ADD or ADHD.
ADHD is a diagnosis applied to children and adults who consistently display certain characteristic behaviors over a period of time. The most common core features include: *distractibility (poor sustained attention to tasks) *impulsivity (impaired impulse control and delay of gratification) *hyperactivity (excessive activity and physical restlessness) In order to meet diagnostic criteria these behaviors must be excessive, long-term, and pervasive. The behaviors must appear before age 7, and continue for at least 6 months. A crucial consideration is that the behaviors must create a real handicap in at least two areas of a person's life, such as school, home, work, or social settings. These criteria set ADHD apart from the "normal" distractibility and impulsive behavior of childhood, or the effects of the hectic and overstressed lifestyle prevalent in our society. According to the DSM-IV (the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) some common symptoms of ADHD include: often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes; often has difficulty sustaining attention to tasks; often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly; often fails to follow instructions carefully and completely; losing or forgetting important things; feeling restless, often fidgeting with hands or feet, or squirming; running or climbing excessively; often talks excessively; often blurts out answers before hearing the whole question; often has difficulty awaiting turn. It should be kept in mind that the exact nature and severity of ADHD symptoms varies from person to person however. Approximately one-third of people with ADHD do not have the hyperactive or overactive behavior component, for example. For more information see Fact Sheet on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD/ADD) from which this definition was obtained.
Angelman Syndrome - Angelman Syndrome is not considered a subtype of autism, but individuals suffering from this disorder exhibit many behaviors characteristic of autism. They are also sometimes given a secondary diagnosis of autism. In 1965, Harry Angelman, M.D., an English physician, was the first to describe a group of individuals with similar behavioral and physical similarities, which was later termed 'Angelman Syndrome.' For many of these individuals, a small portion of chromosome 15 is missing; and this appears to be from the maternal side. Interestingly, when a small portion of chromosome 15 is missing and is from the paternal side, the child may suffer from Prader-Willi Syndrome. Similar to autism, individuals with Angelman Syndrome display the following behaviors: hand-flapping, little or no speech, attention deficits, hyperactivity, feeding and sleeping problems, and delays in motor development. These individuals may also engage in biting and hair pulling. In contrast to autism, people with Angelman Syndrome are often described as very sociable. They are very affectionate and engage in frequent laughing. The majority of these individuals have abnormal EEG's and epilepsy. Many tend to have a stiff-legged gait and jerky body movements. These individuals also have common facial features, such as a wide smiling mouth, a thin upper lip, and deep set eyes. More than half have low levels of pigmentation in their eyes, hair, and skin. The prevalence rate of Angelman Syndrome is estimated to be 1 in 25,000 individuals, and the majority of these individuals are described as severely mentally retarded. Suggested interventions for Angelman Syndrome include: behavior modification, speech therapy, and occupational therapy. For more information see Angelman Syndrome written by Stephen M. Edelson, Ph.D., The Center for the Study of Autism, Salem, Oregon, from which this definition was obtained.
For diagnostic criteria see Angelman Syndrome: Consensus for Diagnostic Criteria.
ASD - Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Austistic Disorder - AD, see Pervasive Developmental Disorders.
Azapirone -
Atypical -

Baudhin Model
BPD - Borderline Personality Disorder.
Bipolar - Biploar depressive disorder, also know as manic depression. Major depression without mania is sometimes called "unipolar". Bipolar disorder is a mental illness involving episodes of serious mania and depression. The person’s mood swings from excessively "high" and irritable to sad and hopeless and then back again, with periods of the person’s normal mood in between. At least 2 million Americans suffer from bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. It is often not recognized as an illness and people who have it may suffer needlessly for years or even decades. Bipolar illness has been diagnosed in children under age 12, although it is not common in this age bracket. It can be confused with attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder, so careful diagnosis is necessary. For those afflicted with the illness, it is extremely distressing and disruptive. Like other serious illnesses, bipolar disorder is also hard on spouses, family members, friends and employers. Family members of people with bipolar disorder often have to cope with serious behavioral problems (such as wild spending sprees) and the lasting consequences of these behaviors. Though bipolar disorder can become disabling, it is also one of the most treatable mental illnesses. The combination of medications and psychotherapy helps a vast majority of people with this illness return to happy, fulfilling lives. For more information see Depression - Bipolar Disorder from which most of this definition was obtained.
Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified - The diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (N.O.S.) is made when the person appears to have a disorder with Bipolar features, but does not meet the criteria for Bipolar Disorder. About 2% of the general population is affected by this disorder, with about 75% of those diagnosed being females. This is five times more common among first-degree biological relatives of those affected with Bipolar than in the general population. For more information see Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified from which this definition was obtained
Buspar - See buspirone.
Buspirone (hydrochloride) - Brand name Buspar. Buspirone is an Antianxiety agent, used primarily for relief of mild to moderate anxiety and nervous tension. This drug is useful in treating the elderly, alcoholics, or people that have a history of addiction. Alcohol does not interact in a dangerous manner with Buspirone and Buspirone may be useful in reducing alcohol craving. This drug is also useful in the treatment of aggression in developmentally disabled persons over 18 or self-injurious behaviors. Buspirone may also be useful in treating hyperactivity in the autistic and may decrease the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD.) It may also help in people with aches, cramps, fatigue, pains, PMS, or sexual dysfunction do to generalized anxiety disorder. Buspirone may help decrease the urge for nicotine. Buspirone is not habit-forming. Buspirone is not a benzodiazepine. For more information see Buspirone (BuSpar) from which this portion of the information was obtained. Buspirone hydrochloride (an azapirone) is an anxiolytic agent. It is not related to the benzodiazepines. Animal studies have shown BUSPAR to interact with multiple dopamine receptors and to markedly activate certain dopaminergic pathways in the brain via blockade of both dopaminergic and GABA-ergic inhibition. However, on chronic administration, BUSPAR does not alter brain dopamine receptor binding in the basal ganglia. In vitro pre-clinical studies have also shown that buspirone has a high affinity for serotonin (5-HT1A) receptors. The exact mechanism of BUSPAR’S anxiolytic action in humans is not fully understood, BUSPAR does not act through a benzodiazepine-receptor mechanism. In humans, BUSPAR is rapidly absorbed, reaching peak plasma levels 60 to 90 minutes after dosing. The plasma concentration of buspirone hydrochloride is linearly related to the administered dose. Administration of BUSPAR with food results in higher blood levels of buspirone. BUSPAR is approximately 95% bound by human plasma proteins. In pharmacokinetic studies mean plasma half-lives have varied from 2 to 11 hours. BUSPAR is excreted primarily as metabolites of buspirone hydrochloride in the urine. The predominant routes of buspirone hydrochloride metabolism are oxidative. Several hydroxylated derivatives of BUSPAR are produced along with 1-pyrimidinylpiperazine. The latter is approximately 20 % as active as BUSPAR in animal models, predictive of anxiolytic activity in humans. Buspirone clearance is reduced in patients with hepatic impairment as well as in patients with impaired renal function. For more information see BUSPAR from which this portion of the information was obtained. It's chemical designation is C21 H31 N5 O2; 385.508.

Carbamazepine USP - brand name Epitol, Tegretol. Carbamazepine is used in the treatment of both generalized and partial seizures, due to the rapid control of excessive cerebral electrical discharges and the low incidence of acute and chronic toxicity. Carbamazepine is an iminostilbine derivative and is therefore structurally related to the tricyclic antidepressants. However, the serum concentrations encountered with carbamazepine are approximately two orders of magnitude higer than those encountered clinically with tricyclic antidepressants. About 75% of carbamazepine in plasma is protein bound. Carbamazepine is metabolized extensively by the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system, yielding primarily the 10,11-epoxide which is quite stable, pharmacologically active, and found in the plasma and tissues. The 10,11-epoxide is then metabolized further to the 10,11-dihydroxide and eliminated in the urine as such and also as conjugates of glucuronic acid. For more information see Summary and Explation of Test from which this portion of the information was obtained. Carbamazepine has anticonvulsant properties which have been found useful in the treatment of psychomotor epilepsy and as an adjunct in the treatment of partial epilepsies, when administered in conjunction with other anticonvulsant drugs to prevent the possible generalization of the epileptic discharge. A mild psychotropic effect has been observed in some patients, which seems related to the effect of the carbamazepine in psychomotor or temporal lobe epilepsy. Carbamazepine relieves or diminishes the pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia often within 24 to 48 hours. Carbamazepine given as a monotherapy or in combination with lithium or neuroleptics has been found useful in the treatment of acute mania and the prophylactic treatment of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders. Like other tricyclic compounds, carbamazepine has a moderate anticholinergic action which is responsible for some of its adverse effects. A tolerance may develop to the action of carbamazepine after a few months of treatment and should be watched for. Carbamazepine may suppress ventricular automaticity due to its membrane-depressant effect similar to that of quinidine and procainamide, associated with suppression of phase 4 depolarization of the heart muscle fibre. A number of investigators have reported a deterioration of EEG abnormalities with regard to focal alterations and a higher incidence of records with nil beta activity during carbamazepine-combined treatment. For more information see Carbamazepine from which this portion of the information was obtained
Casein - Casein is the main protein found in milk and contains 21 amino acids. Casein is a mixture of phosphoproteins found in milk to the extent of about 3%. It contains all of the common amino acids and is high in the essential ones. Casein is often used as a dietary base for use in evaluation of vitamins, since it is easy to prepare casein as a pure protein.
Catapres - Brand name Clonidine. Clonidine is an a-adrenergic agonist which also has some a-adrenergic antagonist effects. The antihypertensive effect of clonidine is thought to be due to central a2-adrenergic stimulation, which results in a decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart, kidneys, and peripheral vasculature and thus decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and decreased heart rate. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate remain essentially unchanged. Normal postural reflexes are intact and therefore orthostatic symptoms are mild and infrequent. Acute studies with clonidine in humans have demonstrated a moderate reduction (15 to 20%) of cardiac output in the supine position with no change in the peripheral resistance; at a 45° tilt there is a smaller reduction in cardiac output and a decrease of peripheral resistance. During long-term therapy, cardiac output tends to return to control values, while peripheral resistance remains decreased. Slowing of the pulse rate has been observed in most patients given clonidine, but the drug does not alter normal hemodynamic response to exercise. Used in the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with thiazide diuretics. Clonidine should normally be used in those patients in whom treatment with diuretic or beta-blocker was found ineffective or has been associated with unacceptable adverse effects.Clonidine can also be tried as an initial agent in those patients in whom use of diuretics and/or beta-blockers is contraindicated or in patients with medical conditions in which these drugs frequently cause serious adverse effects. For more information see Catapres from which this definition was obtained.
Childhood Autism Rating Scale - (CARS; Schopler, Reichler, DeVellis, & Daly, 1979), an instrument that measures the severity of autistic behavior. (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 27, No 2, 1997, p 178)
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) - See Pervasive Developmental Disorders.
Clonidine - see catapres.
Clozapine - Brand name Clozaril. An anti psychotic drug mostly used in Europe. Used in the treatment of schizophrenia, helping treat false perceptions (e.g. hallucinations or delusions.) Clozapine, a dibenzodiazepine derivative, is an atypical antipsychotic drug because its profile of binding to dopamine receptors and its effects on various dopamine-mediated behaviors differ from those exhibited by conventional antipsychotics. Clozapine exerts potent anticholinergic, adrenolytic, antihistaminic and antiserotonergic activity. In contrast to conventional antipsychotics, clozapine produces little or no prolactin elevation. Patients on rare occasions may report an intensification of dream activity during clozapine therapy. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was found to be increased to 85% of the total sleep time. In these patients, the onset of REM sleep occurred almost immediately after falling asleep. As is true of more typical antipsychotic drugs, clinical EEG studies have shown that clozapine increases delta and theta activity and slows dominant alpha frequencies. Enhanced synchronization occurs, and sharp wave activity and spike and wave complexes may also develop. For more information see Clozaril from which most of this definition was obtained.
CNS - Central Nervous System.
Cognitive Disorders - Disorders in the higher brain functions. Usually associated with memory and the ability to acquire and retain new information. But should be distinguished from dificulties in communication.
Cylert - See Pemoline.

DDNOS - Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, a diagnosis for people who dissociate in stressful situation but not to the point where they experience themselves as other people.
Delacato Method
Depakote - see divalproex sodium.
Deptran - See doxepin
Dexedrine - see dextroamphetamine.
Dextroamphetamine - brand name Dexedrine. Dextroamphetamine is a amphetamine used to treat narcolepsy and attention-deficit-disorder in children. In some cases this drug has been used to treat depression or as an adjunct in the treatment of exogenous obesity. This drug is from a family of drugs known as central nervous system stimulants. Dextroamphetamine sulfate is the dextro isomer of the compound d, l-amphetamine sulfate, a sympathomimetic amine of the amphetamine group. Chemically, dextroamphetamine isd-alpha-methylphenethylamine, and is present in all forms of Dextroamphetamine sulfate as the neutral sulfate. For more information see Dextroamphetamine from which most of this definition was obtained.
DID - Dissociative Identity Disorder. Used to be called MPD - Multiple Personality Disorder. People with DID refer to the facets of themselves that sometimes take over for a while as "alters"
Dissociative Disorder
Divalproex sodium - brand name Depakote. Divalproex sodium is a stable co-ordination compound comprised of sodium valproate and valproic acid in a 1:1 molar relationship and formed during the partial neutralization of valproic acid with 0.5 equivalent of sodium hydroxide. Chemically it is designated as sodium hydrogen bis(2-propylpentanoate). For more information see Divalproex Sodium from which this portion of the definition was obtained. Divalproex sodium is a compound made up of sodium valproate and valproic acid. Its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Its anti-seizure efficacy may be related to increased brain concentrations of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). It is metabolized almost entirely by the liver. The mean terminal half-life for divalproex sodium given alone ranges from nine to sixteen hours. Divalproex sodium is indicated for use as sole and adjunctive therapy in the treatment of simple and absence seizures and adjunctively in patients with multiple seizure types that include absence seizures. It is also indicated for the treatment of manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder (manic-depression). For more information see depakote.html from which this portion of the definition was obtained.
DMG - Dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolie.
Doxepin - Doxepin is a psychotropic agent with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. It also has sedative and anticholinergic effects, and, in the higher dosage range, it produces peripheral adrenergic blocking effects. Studies of electroencephalograms in humans have shown decreases in amplitude, and amplitude variability, also, the delta, theta and 24-35 CPS activities increased. The drug treatment of: 1. Psychoneurotic patients with anxiety and/or depressive reactions. Anxiety neurosis associated with somatic disorders; alcoholic patients with anxiety and/or depression. 2. Psychotic depression, including manic-depressive illness (depressed type) and involutional melancholia. For more information see RxMed from which this definition was obtained.
DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A diagnostic manual printed by the American Psychiatric Association. You will often see DSM-IIIR or DSM-IV quoted, these are the third revised and fourth editions respectively. This manual provides the diagnostic criteria for all mental disorders. This is the American diagnostic criteria, the rest of the world uses ICD-10>
Dystonia -

ECT - Electroconvulsive Therapy. Better known as electo-shock therapy.
EEG - The EEG (electroencephalogram) displays the electrical activity of the brain. Nerve cells in the brain are constantly creating very small electrical signals, whether a patient is waking or sleeping. The EEG machine contains amplifiers which make these signals, or brainwaves, big enough so we can see them. The electrical signals are picked up by electrodes glued to the scalp, and travel to the amplifiers of the EEG machine and then are either written out on paper or saved on the hard drive of a computer and displayed on the computer's monitor. There are two electrodes plugged into each amplifier on the EEG machine. The amplifier looks at the two electrode signals coming into it and cancels out signals that are the same. So, the signal that you see on the paper or on the computer screen is actually the difference between the electrical activity picked up by two electrodes. The placement of the electrodes is important because the closer the electrodes are to each other the less differences in their brainwaves. Therefore, if the electrodes are too close, the EEG will look like a straight line instead of showing the brainwaves. This is why the technician measures the head of each patient. Measuring the electrode placements allows the technician to have equal distances between all the electrodes to get clear and symmetrical brainwaves. The technician also has to constantly watch the EEG to make sure the electrodes are working properly and to eliminate any artifact or electrical interference that might occur. For more info see www.neuro.wustl.edu/epilepsy/eeg.html from where this definition was obtained.
EKG
Effexor - Effexor (generic: venlafaxine) is the newest medication available to treat depression. Structurally different from any other antidepressant, it affects two neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain) involved in depression: serotonin and norepinephrine. Approved for use in the United States at the end of 1993, its novel chemical action and low incidence of side effects make it a significant addition to the range of medications used to treat depression.
How is Effexor different from other antidepressants? Effexor is a chemically unique antidepressant medication. Like the newer class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft), it affects the absorption of serotonin. In addition, Effexor acts on the norepinephrine system. No other available medication affects both neurotransmitters without causing the side effects of the older tricyclic antidepressants. For more info see National Alliance for the Mentally Ill from where this definition was obtained.

Fragile X Syndrome
Fluoxetine - brand name Prozac. Fluoxetine hydrochloride is an antidepressant for oral administration; it is chemically unrelated to tricyclic, tetracyclic, or other available antidepressant agents. It is designated (±)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-oxy]propylamine hydrochloride and has the empirical formula of C17H18F3NO·HCl. Its molecular weight is 345.79. The antidepressant, antiobsessive-compulsive, and antibulimic actions of fluoxetine are presumed to be linked to its inhibition of CNS neuronal uptake of serotonin. Studies at clinically relevant doses in man have demonstrated that fluoxetine blocks the uptake of serotonin into human platelets. Studies in animals also suggest that fluoxetine is a much more potent uptake inhibitor of serotonin than of norepinephrine. For more information see Fluoxetine from where this definition was obtained.
Fluvoxamine maleate - brand name Luvox. Fluvoxamine is a member of the class SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) which refers to its mechanism of action. It appears to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the nerve endings, thereby increasing its concentration in the brain. It is metabolized in the liver and reaches steady state levels in about seven days. The half life of fluvoxamine is 15.6 hours. This drug is used in the treatment of OCD ( obsessive-compulsive disorder ) but is also used to relief symptoms of depression, eating disorders, panic attacks, or chronic tension headaches. For more information see Fluvoxamine Maleate (Luvox) from where this portion of the definition was obtained. Fluvoxamine maleate is a selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) belonging to a new chemical series, the 2-aminoethyl oxime ethers of aralkylketones. It is chemically unrelated to other SSRIs and clomipramine. It is chemically designated as 5-methoxy- 4'-(trifluoromethyl) valerophenone- (E)-O- (2-aminoethyl)oxime maleate (1:1) and has the empirical formula C15H21O2N2F3*C4H4O4. Its molecular weight is 434.4. For more information see Fluvoxamine from where this portion of the definition was obtained.

Galactosemia - Inborn error in carbohydrate metabolism. [Inability to metabolize galactose?]
Gluten - Gluten is a mixture of plant proteins occurring in cereal grains. Gluten, the protein in wheat, is also very similar to the gluten or protein in other grains such as rye and oats. Wheat protein and gluten, are obviously quite similar. However the problems they cause in susceptible individuals are not similar at all. Gluten avoidance is knowing that you are avoiding rye, oats and barley, as well as wheat. The following is a list of ingredient name which mean GLUTEN is present: Flour, wheat flour, gluten flour, graham flour, cracked wheat flour, triticale, whole wheat flour, enriched flour, malt syrup, oatmeal, oats, rye, rye flour, barley, barley flour, monosodium glutamate ( MSG ), hydrolized vegetable protein ( HVP ), hydrolized plant protein ( HPP ), spelt, durum flour. ( Note: malt flavouring is usually tolerated as it is not made of barley). For more information see Gluten Avoidance from where this portion of the definition was obtained.
Guanfacine - brand name Tenex.

Haloperidol - Brand name Haldol. Haloperidol is the first of the butyrophenone series of major tranquilizers. The chemical designation is 4-(4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-piperidino)-4'-fluorobutyrophenone.Haloperidol is indicated for use in the management of manifestations of psychotic disorders.Haloperidol is indicated for the control of tics and vocal utterances of Tourette's Disorder in children and adults.Haloperidol is effective for the treatment of severe behavior problems in children of combative, explosive hyperexcitability (which cannot be accounted for by immediate provocation).Haloperidol is also effective in the short-term treatment of hyperactive children who show excessive motor activity with accompanying conduct disorders consisting of some or all of the following symptoms: impulsivity, difficulty sustaining attention, aggressivity, mood lability and poor frustration tolerance. Haloperidol should be reserved for these two groups of children only after failure to respond to psychotherapy or medications other than antipsychotics. For more information see Haloperidol from where this definition was obtained.
Handicaps Behavior and Skills scale - (HBS; Wing, 1982), a semistructured interview schedule that is based on parents' ratings of the abilities and behaviors (e.g., language, schoolwork, practical skills) of their child. (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol 27, No. 2, 1997, p 178).
Heller's Syndrome - See Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD).
HFA - High-functioning Autism.
High-functioning - A subjective term. It does not have a clinical definition. In relation to Autism, it refers to mild Autism. Since Autism is a spectrum disorder, the term is used by service providers to explain where on the specturm the patient lies.
Hyperlexia - a syndrome observed in children who have the following characteristics: •precocious ability to read words -- far above what would be expected at the chronological age -- or an intense fascination with numbers or letters. •significant difficulty understanding and using veral language or a significant nonverbal learning disability. •difficulty in reciprocal interaction. For more information see American Hyperlexia Association from where this definition was obtained.

ICD-10 - The World Health Organization (WHO) classification scheme.
IEP - Individualized Education Program. An Individualized Educational Program describes the special education and related services specifically designed to meet the unique educational needs of a student with a disability. The program is developed at one or more IEP meetings, and its provisions are detailed in writing in the IEP.
Impramine (hydrochloride) - brand name Tofranil. A tricycle antidepressant indicated for depression. Its mechanism of action is not definitely known. It acts to stimuate the central nervous system and blocks the uptake of norepinephrine at nerve endings. It is used in the management of urinary incontinence, but may cause orthostatic hypotension. Obtained from Tofranil.

LKS - "Landau-Kleffner Syndrome" Also Acquired Childhood Epileptic Aphasia. Very rare disorder. Typical profile: normal development and age appropriate language first 3-7 years; Loss of receptive language while retaining some expressive language; "Telegraphic" speech--few verbs; Suspicion of deafness; Child frustrated, puzzled by change in himself; Autistic-like behaviors; normal or above normal non-verbal IQ score; abnormal EEG, with or without seizures. Some practitioners suspect that some cases of Childhood Disintegrative Disorder or "late outset" autism may be Landau-Kleffner Syndrome. For more information see Autism Frequently Asked Questions Memo from where this definition was obtained.
Luvox - see fluvoxamine maleate.

MAOIs - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. MAO comes in two sub-types - A and B. MAO-A, which metabolises noradrenaline and 5-HT, is the one relevant to depression. MAO-B metabolises dopamine, and is thus useful in treatment of Parkinsons. Older MOA-I's, used for depression, have a major and dangerous side-effect. Because the enzyme that is inhibited by MAO-I's neutralises monoamines such as tyramine, present in items such as cheese and yeast extracts, it raises the very real problem of a hypertensive crisis. A patient is normally given a card of foods to avoid if prescribed MAO-I's, which lists the affected foods, as well as other medications which are sympathomimetic. Recently, reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) have been introduced, which are specific to the sub-type of MAO, and thus are safe with these products. All MAO-I's need a certain 'washout' period before other AD's are administered.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors are atypical anti-depressants, they provoke a mood lift in those with both neurotic and psychotic (clinical) depression. Because of this, there are reports of the drugs being occasionally abused, although usually to heighten the effects of other, illegitimate, drugs.
Melatonin - Melatonin is an indolamine that is produced in the pineal gland. Its chemical appelation is N-Acetyl-5-Methoxytryptamine or C13-H16-N2-O2. Research conducted over the past two decades confirm that melatonin has anti-oxidant,immunoprotective and sleep regulating properties. It may also prove to be effective as a prophylaxis against osteoporosis and a possible new adjunction in the fight against cancer. For more information see Frequent Asked Qustion on Melatonin from where this definition was obtained.
Mellaril - see thioridazine.
Mental Retardation - According to the new definition by the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR), an individual is considered to have mental retardation based on the following three criteria: intellectual functioning level (IQ) is below 70-75; significant limitations exist in two or more adaptive skill areas; and the condition is present from childhood (defined as age 18 or less) (AAMR, 1992). For a more complete definition see Definition of Mental Retardation from which this definition was obtained.
Methylphenidate - brand name Ritalin. Methylphenidate hydrochloride USP, abbreviated here as Methylphenidate HCl is a mild central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, available as tablets of 5, 10, and 20 mg for oral administration; Ritalin-SR is available as sustained-release tablets of 20 mg for oral administration. Methylphenidate hydrochloride is methyl alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetate hydrochloride. Methylphenidate hydrochloride USP, abbreviated here as Methylphenidate HCl is a mild central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, available as tablets of 5, 10, and 20 mg for oral administration; Ritalin-SR is available as sustained-release tablets of 20 mg for oral administration. Methylphenidate hydrochloride is methyl alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetate hydrochloride. For more information see Methylphenidate from where this definition was obtained.

Neuroleptics Some common neuroleptics are chlorpromazine (Thorazine, Ormazine), thioridazine (Mellaril), lozapine (Loxitane), molindone (Moban), mesoridazine (Serentil), perphenazine (Trilafon), trifluoperazine (Stelazine, Suprazine), thiothixene (Navane), fluphenazine (Prolixin, Permitil), haloperidol (Haldol).
Nortrip - see nortriptyline.
Nortriptyline (hydrocholorid) - brand name Nortrip. Nortriptyline HCl is 1-Propanamine, 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N-methyl-, hydrochloride. The mechanism of mood elevation by tricyclic antidepressants is at present unknown. Nortriptyline HCl is not a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. It inhibits the activity of such diverse agents as histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and acetylcholine. It increases the pressor effect of norepinephrine but blocks the pressor response of phenethylamine. Studies suggest that Nortriptyline HCl interferes with the transport, release, and storage of catecholamines. Operant conditioning techniques in rats and pigeons suggest that Nortriptyline HCl has a combination of stimulant and depressant properties. For more information see Nortriptyline Hydrochloride from where this definition was obtained.

OCD - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Jack Nicholson just received an oscar for his portrayal of one.
OT - Occupational Therapy. OT is a health profession that evaluates what musculoskeletal or neurological conditions limit an individual's full potential. Treatment focuses on obtaining maximum independence and minimizing reoccurrence and dependency on the healthcare system through education and treatment techniques. Occupational therapy is the science of using "occupation", meaning activities with specific goals, in helping people of all ages prevent, lessen, or overcome disabilities. The occupational therapist, working cooperatively with other members of the health team, uses purposeful activity in a variety of settings to reduce physical and psychosocial disability.

Paroxetine (hydrochloride) - brand name Paxil. Paroxetine is an antidepressant in the SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) class. Its metabolites are primarily inactive and cleared quickly. Paroxetine and its active metabolites have an elimination half life of 24 hours. Steady state blood levels are reached in about ten days. Its bioavailability is not affected by food or antacids. For more information see Paroxetine hydrochloride from where this portion of the definition was obtained. Paroxetine is a potent and selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). This activity of the drug on brain neurons is thought to be responsible for its antidepressant effects. Paroxetine is a phenylpiperidine derivative which is chemically unrelated to the tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants. In receptor binding studies, paroxetine did not exhibit significant affinity for the adrenergic (alpha(1), alpha(2), beta), dopaminergic, serotonergic (5HT(1), 5HT(2)), or histaminergic receptors of rat brain membrane. A weak affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor was evident. The predominant metabolites of paroxetine are essentially inactive as 5-HT reuptake inhibitors. For more information see RxMed - Paxil and Paroxetine from where this portion of the definition was obtained.
Paxil - see paroxetine.
PDD (NOS) - Pervasive Developmental Disorders.
PEP - See Psychoeducational Profile.
Pemoline - brand name Cylert. Pemoline is a CNS stimulant, which, although structurally different from the amphetamines and methylphenidate, possesses pharmacological activity similar to that of other known stimulants. It has minimal sympathomimetic effects. Although studies indicate that pemoline may act in animals through dopaminergic mechanisms, the exact mechanism and site of action of the drug in man is not known. Peak serum levels after single doses are reached within 2 to 4 hours and the serum half-life is approximately 12 hours. Multiple dose studies in adults at several dose levels indicate that steady state is reached in approximately 2 to 3 days. Usually used to treat ADHD. Pemoline is structurally dissimilar to the amphetamines and methylphenidate. It is an oxazolidine compound and is chemically identified as 2-amino-5-phenyl- 2-oxazolin-4-one. For more information see RxMed - Cylert from which this definintion was obtained.
PKU - "Phenylketonuria" A genetic disorder of the metabolism which will result in brain-damage during the first years of life unless special dietary measures are taken. Inadequate production of the enzyme which converts the amino acid phenylalanine into another amino acid, tyrosine. The extra phenylalanine accumulates in body fluids and converts to several chemicals that damage the brain. Symptoms include mental retardation as well as some of the symptoms of autism. PKU has been eliminated by screening all children immediately after birth so proper dietary measures can be taken.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - is a brain imaging technique that uses a radioactive tracer to show chemical activity of the brain. The PET scanner pinpoints the destination of radioactively tagged glucose, oxygen, or drugs to reveal the parts of the brain involved in performing an experimental task.PET allows us to look at brain functions by measuring levels of energy - or activity - in specific areas of the brain. PET scans generate pictures of the working brain, providing maps of emotions, learning, vision, and memory. For example, patients may be injected with a form of radioactive glucose. The glucose winds its way to the brain through the bloodstream. Since glucose is normally the brain's fuel, the more active a part of the brain is during the task, the more glucose it uses. An array of radiation detectors in the scanner locates the radioactivity and sends the data to a computer that produces two-dimensional color-coded images (brighter colors indicate more activity) of where the brain is active. Identifying these brain functions is key in developing new ways to diagnose and treat schizophrenia and other mental disorders.
Prader-Willi Syndrome - a disorder which is sometimes associated with, but not a subtype of, autism. The classical features of this disorder include an obsession with food which is often associated with impulsive eating, compact body build, underdeveloped sexual characteristics, and poor muscle tone. Because of their obsession with food, many people afflicted with Prader-Willi Syndrome are overweight. Most individuals afflicted with Prader-Willi Syndrome have mild mental retardation. Prader-Willi syndrome is a neurobehavioral genetic disorder affecting approximately 1 in 10,000 newborns. The incidence may actually be higher, as many as 1 in 8,000. Prader-Willi syndrome occurs sporadically and there is no known cause. It is not inherited, that is, it does not run in families, and is not related to medical, environmental or psychosocial factors. PWS occurs in people of both sexes and all races. Individuals with PWS generally exhibit short stature, low muscle tone (hypotonia), some degree of mental retardation or learning disability, incomplete sexual development, behavioral problems, speech deficits, a tendency to pick one's skin (especially at the site of sores and such) and an insatiable appetite owing to a malfunction of the hypothalamus, that part of the brain that controls hunger and satiety. Ironically, people with Prader-Willi syndrome generally require fewer calories to gain weight, thus exacerbating the individual's tendency toward obesity. It is interesting to note that most newborns with PWS, because of the hypotonia, are unable to suck well enough to thrive. Often they must be tube-fed until their muscle control improves. The increased (and generally obsessive) interest in food begins around the school-age years and can result in life-threatening obesity if not controlled through diet, increased activity and restrictions on access to food. For more information see Prader-Willi Syndrome FAQ from which most of this definition was obtained.
Prozac - See fluoxetine.
Psychoeducational Profile - Also known as PEP (Schopler & Reichler, 1979; Schopler, Reichler, Bashford, Lansing, & Marcus, 1990). An instrument that can be used for the assessment of children with pervasive developmental disorders, ranging in age from 1 to 7. Pep results can be employed to design an individually tailored educational and treatment program (e.g. Shopler, Mesibov, & Baker, 1982). On the one hand, the PEP provides information concerning several important domains of the child's development (e.g., imitation, perception motor activity, language, and congnition). On the other hand, the PEP yeilds an index of the severity of disturbed behaviors which are commonly observed in children with pervasive developmental disorders. (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 27, No. 5, 1997, p. 621).
PT - Physical therapy. A form of health care that identifies, corrects, and alleviates an acute or prolonged musculoskeletal or neurological dysfunction. Physical therapists apply scientific and medical knowledge in the treatment of patients of all ages to alleviate pain; to prevent, correct, or minimize deformities; and to improve patients' general health and functional ability.
PTSD and CPTSD - Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. This arises as a delayed and/or protracted response to a stressful event or situation (either short- or long-lasting) of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature, which is likely to cause pervasive distress in almost anyone (e.g. natural or man-made disaster, combat, serious accident, witnessing the violent death of others, or being the victim of torture, terrorism, rape, or other crime).
Predisposing factors such as personality traits (e.g. compulsive, asthenic) or previous history of neurotic illness may lower the threshold for the development of the syndrome or aggravate its course, but they are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain its occurrence.
Typical symptoms include episodes of repeated reliving of the trauma in intrusive memories ("flashbacks") or dreams, occurring against the persisting background of a sense of "numbness" and emotional blunting, detachment from other people, unresponsiveness to surroundings, anhedonia, and avoidance of activities and situations reminiscent of the trauma. Commonly there is fear and avoidance of cues that remind the sufferer of the original trauma. Rarely, there may be dramatic, acute bursts of fear, panic or aggression, triggered by stimuli arousing a sudden recollection and/or re-enactment of the trauma or of the original reaction to it.
There is usually a state of autonomic hyperarousal with hypervigilance, an enhanced startle reaction, and insomnia. Anxiety and depression are commonly associated with the above symptoms and signs, and suicidal ideation is not infrequent. Excessive use of alcohol or drugs may be a complicating factor.
The onset follows the trauma with a latency period which may range from a few weeks to months (but rarely exceeds 6 months). The course is fluctuating but recovery can be expected in the majority of cases. In a small proportion of patients the condition may show a chronic course over many years and a transition to an enduring personality change.
Diagnostic Guidelines

This disorder should not generally be diagnosed unless there is evidence that it arose within 6 months of a traumatic event of exceptional severity. A "probable" diagnosis might still be possible if the delay between the event and the onset was longer than 6 months, provided that the clinical manifestations are typical and no alternative identification of the disorder (e.g. as an anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder or depressive episode) is plausible. In addition to evidence of trauma, there must be a repetitive, intrusive recollection or re-enactment of the event in memories, daytime imagery, or dreams. Conspicuous emotional detachment, numbing of feeling, and avoidance of stimuli that might arouse recollection of the trauma are often present but are not essential for the diagnosis. The autonomic disturbances, mood disorder, and behavioural abnormalities all contribute to the diagnosis but are not of prime importance.

The late chronic sequelae of devastating stress, i.e. those manifest decades after the stressful experience, should be classified under F62.0.
For more information see F43.1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder from where this definition was obtained.

Quantidin -

Rhett's Syndrome - See Pervasive Developmental Disorders..
Risperidone - brand name Risperdal. An antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of disorganized or psychotic thinking. Risperidone is used to treat aggression, false perceptions, Tourette's syndrome, or behavioral problems in persons with mental retardation. Risperidone is a benzisoxazol that blocks receptors for both serotonin and dopamine (specifically, 5HT2 and D2 receptors). It also blocks central adrenergic receptors. The affinity for 5HT2 receptors is similar to that of clozapine, while the affinity for D2 receptors is similar to that of haloperidol, another major antipsychotic. For more information see Risperidone Granted Marketing Approval for Schizophrenia from where this definition was obtained.
Ritalin - See Methylphenidate.

Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood. The disease is best understood as a syndrome, or collection of symptoms. These are generally characterized as positive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations), negative symptoms (social withdrawal and loss of emotional responsiveness and expressiveness) and cognitive disturbances (disordered thought and attentional deficits).
Semantic Pragmatic Disorder - Semantic-Pragmatic Disorder was originally defined in the literature on Language Disorder in 1983, by Rapin and Allen, although at that time it was classified as a syndrome. They referred to a group of children who presented with mild Autistic features and specific semantic pragmatic language problems. Today we have a better understanding of the Disorder. We know that Semantic-Pragmatic Disordered children have many more problems than just speaking and understanding words, so we call it a communication disorder rather than a language disorder. We think that the difficulty for children with S.P.D. may be in the way they process information. Children with S.P.D. find it more difficult to extract the central meaning or the saliency of an event. They tend to focus on detail instead; for example the sort of child who finds the duck hidden in the picture but fails to grasp the situation or story in the picture or the child who points out the spot on your face before saying 'hello'. For a lot more information see Semantic Pragmatic Disorder from which this excerpt was taken.
Serotonin - Serotonin is one of the many natural chemicals stored in the nerves. Brain nerve cells need serotonin to send messages [electrical impulses] to each other so that you can walk, eat, and live. Serotonin is stored inside nerve cells. When a nerve cell starts to send a message, it releases this "stored" serotonin into the space the message must cross to get to the next nerve cell. Once the serotonin is outside of the nerve cell, it is "free" to work. Because it helps carry the message from one nerve cell to another, serotonin is called a neurotransmitter. Once the message has crossed successfully to the next nerve, the serotonin goes back into the nerve cell where it is stored until needed again. This simple definition was obtained at Serotonin acts as a bridge between nerve cells.
Serotonin is also a substance found in many tissues, particularily blood platelets, the lining of the digestive tract, and the brain. It is released from platelets at the site of bleeding, where it constricts small blood vessels, thus reducing blood loss. In the digestive tract, it inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates smooth (involuntary) muscles in th eintestinal wall. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter used at the ends of nerves. It is manufactured in your body using the amino acid tryptophan. At the meeting of one nerve with another there is a space. Release of serotonin (or other drugs-depending on the type of nerve) causes the other nerve to fire and continue the message along the "cable". Its other name is 5- hydroxytryptamine and is also found in platelets. Serotonin is thought to be involved in controlling states of consciousness and mood.
Serotonin-Specific Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI's) - These drugs, along with the tricyclic and tetracyclic drugs and the MAOI's, are considered the major antidepressant drugs; they are also effective in a wide range of disorders, including bipolar I disorder, dysthymic disorder, eating disorders, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Because they generally have fewer adverse side effects than other classes of antidepressants they are more widely prescribed; one SSRI, fluoxetine (Prozac), the least cardiotoxic of all antidepressants, has become the most widely prescribed antidepressant and is one of the top ten most prescribed drugs in the US. The precise action of SSRIs is not fully understood, but it is believed that sertraline and related agents inhibit reuptake of serotonin at the neuronal membrane. SSRIs have less sedative, anticholinergic, and cardiovascular effects than do the tricyclic antidepressant drugs due to dramatically decreased binding to histamine, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine receptors. Monoamine oxidase is not inhibited by any of the SSRIs. Anticholinergic activity is virtually absent. Some SSRI drugs are Prozac (fluoxetine hydrochloride), Luvox (fluvoxamine), Paxil (paroxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), Serzone (nefazodone), Effexor (venlafaxine), and Cipramil (citalopram hydrobromide).
Sertraline (hydrochloride) - brand name Zoloft. Sertraline is an oral antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) type. It is similar to fluoxetine and paroxetine. Like these drugs, sertraline is structurally distinct from tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Sertraline has one active metabolite and the lowest potential for drug interactions involving CYP2D6 (cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme 2D6) of the SSRIs. Sertraline has also been used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Sertraline was approved by the FDA in December 1991 for the treatment of major depression. As of May 1995, sertraline is undergoing FDA review for treatment of OCD. Mechanism of Action: Sertraline potentiates serotonin (5-HT) in the CNS. Sertraline does not affect norepinephrine as do many tricyclic antidepressants.
Serzone - see nefazodone.
SIB - Self Injurious Behavior. Self-injurious behavior often refers to any behavior that can cause tissue damage, such as bruises, redness, and open wounds. The most common forms of these behaviors include head-banging, hand-biting, and excessive scratching or rubbing. There are two major sets of theories on why people engage in self-injury-- physiological and social. Some of the physiological theories (and suggested treatments) are: 1.These behaviors release beta-endorphins in the person's brain, which in turn, provides the person with a form of internal pleasure (beta-endorphins are endogenous opiate-like substances in the brain). (Treatment: If a person is given naltrexone, a beta-endorphin inhibitor, self-injury may decrease.) 2.Sudden episodes of self-injury may be caused by sub-clinical seizures. Sub-clinical seizures are not typically associated with the characteristic behaviors of conventional seizures, but they are characterized by abnormal EEG patterns. (Treatment: The person should receive an extensive EEG to determine if the self-injury is associated with sub-clinical seizures.) 3.Head-banging or ear hitting may be caused by a middle ear infection. (Treatment: The person should be given an extensive ear examination.) 4.Some forms of self-injury may be a result of overarousal (such as frustration). Self-injury acts as a release, and thus, lowers arousal. (Treatment: One should try to reduce the person's general arousal level, such as through relaxation/visual imagery therapy, deep pressure, and exercise.) 5.In some cases, self-injury may be a form of self-stimulatory, stereotypic behaviors. That is, they are repetitive, ritualistic behaviors which provide the individual with some form of sensory stimulation or arousal. (Treatment: Person could be given sensory integration therapy to normalize the senses.)
Some of the social theories explaining these behaviors are: 1.Some individuals engage in self-injurious behaviors to obtain attention from other people. (Treatment: People in the environment should ignore the person when he/she engages in self-injury; thus, the person will learn that the behavior will not lead to attention.) 2.Some individuals exhibit self-injury to escape or avoid a task. (Treatment: The person should be asked to complete the task rather than escape the task.) Although it has not been discussed in the research literature, there is also the possibility that these behaviors could be related to hypersensitivity to certain sounds in the environment. For example, if a sound bothers an individual, he/she may react by hitting one's head or ears. (Treatment: One may consider trying auditory integration training.) Basically, there are many reasons why people engage in self-injurious behavior. The best way to determine the reason for the behavior in an individual is to conduct a functional analysis. This involves analyzing what occurs prior to the behavior as well as what happens immediately after the behavior. If one can rule out possible social influences on the behavior, then physiological causes should be investigated. For more information see Self-Injurious Behavior from which this excerpt was obtained.
SID - Sensory Integration Dysfunction
Sinequan - See doxepin.
SSRI - See Serotonin-Specific Reuptake Inhibitors.
ST - Speech therapy.
Stereotypy - Stereotypy or self-stimulatory behavior refers to repetitive body movements or repetitive movement of objects. This behavior is common in many individuals with developmental disabilities; however, it appears to be more common in autism. In fact, if a person with another developmental disability exhibits a form of self-stimulatory behavior, often the person is also labelled as having autistic characteristics. Stereotypy can involve any one or all senses.

Tardive Dyskinesia - Tardive dyskinesia is a syndrome involving dysfunctional, involuntary movements associated with long-term, chronic use of neuroleptic medications, such as Haldol, Prolixin, and Thorazine. These drugs lead to an apparent general calming or sedative effect on the individual and are considered major tranquilizers. Tardive dyskinesia may appear anywhere from three months to several years after initial use of these medications, and withdrawal from neuroleptics often exacerbates the symptoms. Common tardive dyskinesia movements include, but are not limited to: facial tics, grimacing, eye blinking, lip smacking, tongue thrusting, moving one's head back or to the side, foot tapping, ankle movements, shuffled gait, and head nodding. Tardive dyskinesia may lead to very serious problems, such as respiratory interference, inability to eat, oral ulcerations, and difficulty standing/walking. Tardive dyskinesia movements may be confused with stereotypy because of the repetitive nature of both behaviors. Stereotypy refers to ritualistic, often complex behaviors, such as body and head rocking, hand-flapping, and complex hand movement patterns. Stereotypy appears to be under voluntary control. In contrast, tardive dyskinesia movements are less complex, less ritualistic, and are not volitional. For more information see Tardive Dyskinesia from which this excerpt was taken.
Tegretol - see carbamazepine.
Tenex - see guanfacine.
Thioridazine - Thioridazine is a phenothiazine. The neuroleptic effect of these drugs is probably based on an antagonism at the dopamine (D2) receptors in the mesolimbic system. An analogous effect in the nigrostriatal system is probably responsible for the extrapyramidal side effects. Thioridazine has pronounced anticholinergic activity. It also stimulates prolactin secretion. For more information see Thiroidazine: Pharmacology from which this portion of the definition was obtained. The antipsychotic action of thioridazine is of use mainly for the treatment of schizophrenia. Compared to many other neuroleptic agents, higher doses of thioridazine must be administered to achieve the desired effect. It is therefore classified as mildly potent, but in principal its antipsychotic properties are not inferior to other neuroleptic agents. Individual response, past experiences with neuroleptic agents, and potential side effects (e.g. pronounced sedation with thioridazine) must be considered when a neuroleptic agent is chosen. Because of its strong sedative effect it is well suited for violent and agitated patients. But it can also have a beneficial effect in subjects in whom depressive symptoms are the main problem. Thioridazine is also used for the treatment of autistic children and of epileptic children with behavioural disorders. However, there is little documentation for these indications. Low doses of the drug are furthermore used in agitated and anxious elderly people. According to certain studies, it is similarly effective as diazepam for these indications. Benzodiazepines are generally more effective for alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Tofranil - see imipramine hydrochloride. For more information see Thioridazine: Indications from which this portion of the definition was obtained.
Tourette Syndrome - An inherited, neurological disorder characterized by repeated and involuntary body movements (tics) and uncontrollable vocal sounds. In a minority of cases, the vocalizations can include socially inappropriate words and phrases -- called coprolalia. These outbursts are neither intentional nor purposeful. Involuntary symptoms can included eye blinking, repeated throat clearing or sniffing, arm thrusting, kicking movements, shoulder shrugging or jumping. These and other symptoms typically appear before the age of 18 and the condition occurs in all ethnic groups with males affected 3 to 4 times more often than females. Although the symptoms of TS vary from person to person and range from very mild to severe, the majority of cases fall into the mild category. Associated conditions can include obsessivity, attentional problems and impulsiveness. Most people with TS lead productive lives and participate in all professions. Increased public understanding and tolerance of TS symptoms are of paramount importance to people with Tourette Syndrome.
TCAs - Tricyclic Antidepressants. Tricyclic anti-depressants were the next chronological advancement in the medical treatment of depression (after MAOIs). Tricyclics inhibit the reuptake of both noradrenaline and 5-HT, both of which are suspected to play a major role in psychotic depression. Tricylics will not help with nuerotic depressions, like MAO-I's do, only working in cases where the depression is clinical. A detracting factor of the tricyclics is their tendancy to cause severe unwanted side effects. Almost everyone gets dry mouth and constipation, but other varied side effects can be severe enough to warrant ending treatment with the drug. There is a delay of about 2 weeks before the anti-depressant effect may be noticed. Some TCAs are Imipramine, Desipramine, Clomipramine, Doexpin, Amoxapine, Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline.
Tuberous Scleosis - Tuberous Sclerosis (TS) or Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder characterized by seizures, skin manifestations, benign tumors, and developmental delay. TS gets its name from the tuber-like growths on the brain which calcify with age and become hard or sclerotic. Seizures occur in a majority of individuals with TS. Infantile spasms are often the first sign of TS a parent may see. Some of the more common skin signs in TS include white spots on the limbs and trunk that are more easily seen with a Wood's Lamp (ultraviolet light), facial angiofibromas (reddish seed-like bumps) that appear in a butterfly pattern across the cheeks and nose, and shagreen (orange-peel like) patches that appear on the lower back. Lesions and benign tumors may be found in the brain, skin, eyes, heart, kidneys and other organs and should be monitored. The majority of individuals with TS are intellectually normal. Others may have learning difficulties to varying degrees. Autism, developmental delay, and difficult behaviors are often associated with TS. Delayed speech, slow motor development, learning disabilities and medication intoxication are all potential problems. There is no cure for TS, but there are treatments for its symptoms. It's important to get expert advice on medications, treatments, and education programs when navigating the unfamiliar waters of caring for a child with Tuberous Sclerosis. For more information see What is Tuberous Sclerosis from which this definition was obtained. For more information see What is Tuberous Sclerosis? from where this definition was obtained.

Venlafaxine - See Effexor.

WHO - World Health Organization - (From the WHO web page) The objective of WHO is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health. Health, as defined in the WHO Constitution, is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In support of its main objective, the Organization has a wide range of functions, including the following:
To act as the directing and co-ordinating authority on international health work;

To promote technical co-operation;

To assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services;

To furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid, upon the request or acceptance of Governments;

To stimulate and advance work on the prevention and control of epidemic, endemic and other diseases;

To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene;

To promote and co-ordinate biomedical and health services research;

To promote improved standards of teaching and training in the health, medical and related professions;

To establish and stimulate the establishment of international standards for biological, pharmaceutical and similar products, and to standardize diagnostic procedures;

To foster activities in the field of mental health, especially those activities affecting the harmony of human relations.

WHO also proposes conventions, agreements, regulations and makes recommendations about international nomenclature of diseases, causes of death and public health practices. It develops, establishes and promotes international standards concerning foods and biological, pharmaceutical and similar substances.
Williams Syndrome - a genetic disorder characterized by mild mental retardation. It is a rare disorder in which a portion of DNA material on chromosome 7 is missing. The prevalence in the population is somewhere between 1 out of 20,000 to 50,000 births. Many people with Williams Syndrome exhibit autistic behaviors. This includes: developmental and language delays, problems in gross motor skills, hypersensitivity to sounds, being picky eaters, and perseverating. These individuals differ from the typical autistic individual because they also have cardiovascular abnormalities, high blood pressure, elevated calcium levels, and are very sociable. They also have unique pixie-like facial features--almond shaped eyes, oval ears, full lips, small chins, narrow faces, and broad mouths. For more information see Williams Syndrome, written by Stephen M. Edelson, Ph.D., of the Center for the Study of Autism, Salem, Oregon, from which this definition was obtained

Zoloft - See sertraline
Zyprexa -

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